451 lines
11 KiB
Markdown
451 lines
11 KiB
Markdown
# OpenWrt 管理指令
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**目標設備**：`192.168.42.10`（OpenWrt 24.10.4）
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**WAN IP**：`125.229.110.50`（PPPoE / HiNet）
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---
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## 整體架構圖
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### 網路拓撲
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```
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Internet (HiNet)
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│
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PPPoE 125.229.110.50
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│
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┌────────────────────▼────────────────────┐
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│ OpenWrt 24.10.4 │
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│ 192.168.42.10 │
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│ │
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│ ┌─ 服務 ──────────────────────────┐ │
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│ │ dnsmasq odhcpd sqm banip │ │
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│ │ miniupnpd dropbear uhttpd │ │
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│ └─────────────────────────────────┘ │
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│ │
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│ ┌─ 防火牆 (nftables / fw4) ────────┐ │
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│ │ taiwan_ips set（每週一 04:00 更新）│ │
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│ └─────────────────────────────────┘ │
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│ │
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│ ┌─ WireGuard wg0 ──────────────────┐ │
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│ │ 10.0.0.1/24 port 51820/UDP │ │
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│ └─────────────────────────────────┘ │
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└────────────────┬────────────────────────┘
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│ br-lan 192.168.42.0/24
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│
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┌─────────┬───────────┼───────────┬─────────────┐
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▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼
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.100 .101 .115 .117 .124 / .126
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Jump Box RustDesk SQL Server SQL Server 反代 / Headscale
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```
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---
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### 防火牆區域（Firewall Zones）
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```
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┌──────────┐ REJECT in ┌──────────┐ ACCEPT in
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│ wan │ ──────────────▶ │ lan │ ◀────────────
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│(pppoe_wan│ REJECT fwd │192.168.42│ ACCEPT fwd
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│ wan6) │ │ .0/24 │
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└──────────┘ └──────────┘
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▲
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ACCEPT in
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ACCEPT fwd
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┌──────────┐
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│ vpn │
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│ (wg0) │
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│10.0.0/24 │
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└──────────┘
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```
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---
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### 對外開放的 Port（WAN → LAN）
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| WAN Port | 協定 | 目標 | 服務 | Taiwan IP 限制 |
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|---|---|---|---|:---:|
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| `22` | TCP | `192.168.42.100:22` | SSH Jump Box | ✅ |
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| `80` | TCP | `192.168.42.124:80` | Nginx Proxy Manager | — |
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| `443` | TCP | `192.168.42.124:443` | Nginx Proxy Manager | — |
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| `3478` | UDP | `192.168.42.126:3478` | Headscale DERP STUN | — |
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| `7835` | TCP | `192.168.42.100:7835` | Bore Tunnel | ✅ |
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| `8080` | TCP | `192.168.42.126:8080` | Headscale HTTP API | — |
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| `9090` | TCP | `192.168.42.126:9090` | Headscale Metrics | — |
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| `9000–10000` | TCP | `192.168.42.100:9000–10000` | Bore Range | — |
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| `21115–21119` | TCP/UDP | `192.168.42.101:21115–21119` | RustDesk HBBS/HBBR | — |
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| `30022` | TCP | `192.168.42.115:22` | SSH → .115 | — |
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| `50022` | TCP | `192.168.42.117:22` | SSH → .117 | — |
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| `50443` | TCP | `192.168.42.126:50443` | Headscale gRPC | — |
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| `51433` | TCP | `192.168.42.115:1433` | SQL Server (.115) | — |
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| `31433` | TCP | `192.168.42.117:1433` | SQL Server (.117) | — |
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| `51820` | UDP | router wg0 | WireGuard | — |
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---
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### LAN 裝置
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| IP | 主機名稱 / 用途 |
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|---|---|
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| `192.168.42.10` | OpenWrt 路由器 |
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| `192.168.42.100` | Jump Box（SSH、Bore）|
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| `192.168.42.101` | RustDesk Server |
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| `192.168.42.115` | SQL Server A |
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| `192.168.42.117` | SQL Server B |
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| `192.168.42.124` | Nginx Proxy Manager + Gitea（:31337）|
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| `192.168.42.126` | Headscale |
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| `192.168.42.220` | TimmydeMBP |
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---
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### WireGuard VPN 拓撲
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```
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外部（任意網路）
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│
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│ UDP 51820
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▼
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192.168.42.10 ←→ wg0: 10.0.0.1/24
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│
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├── 10.0.0.2 Workstation
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└── 10.0.0.3 iPhone 15 Pro Max
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VPN client 加入後可存取：
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├── 192.168.42.0/24 （整個 LAN）
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└── 10.0.0.0/24 （其他 VPN peer）
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```
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---
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### Taiwan IP 過濾機制
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```
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外部請求
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│
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▼
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nftables 檢查 source IP 是否在 taiwan_ips set
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│
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├── 是 → 允許通過（SSH Jump Box、Bore Tunnel）
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└── 否 → REJECT
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```
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- IP 清單來源：`https://www.ipdeny.com/ipblocks/data/countries/tw.zone`
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- 自動更新：每週一 04:00（`crontab`）
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- 手動更新：`sh /root/42_10/update_tw_ip.sh`
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---
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## 系統狀態確認
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```sh
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# 開機時間與負載
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uptime
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# 記憶體用量
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free -m
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# 磁碟空間
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df -h
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# 近期系統紀錄
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logread -l 50
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# 即時追蹤紀錄
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logread -f
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```
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---
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## 套件管理
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```sh
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# 更新套件列表
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opkg update
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# 安裝套件
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opkg install <package_name>
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# 移除套件
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opkg remove <package_name>
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# 列出已安裝套件
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opkg list-installed
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# 升級所有套件
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opkg list-upgradable | cut -f 1 -d ' ' | xargs -r opkg upgrade
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```
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---
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## 防火牆（nftables / fw4）
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```sh
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# 列出所有規則
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nft list ruleset
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# 列出特定 table
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nft list table inet fw4
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# 重新載入防火牆設定
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fw4 restart
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# 備份目前規則
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nft list ruleset > /etc/nftables.backup
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# 清除特定集合
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nft flush set inet fw4 taiwan_ips
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# 查看 Taiwan IP 集合（元素數量）
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nft list set inet fw4 taiwan_ips | grep -c elements
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```
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---
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## 網路診斷
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```sh
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# 介面清單與狀態
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ip -br addr
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# 路由表
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ip route show
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# 測試對外網路
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ping -c 4 8.8.8.8
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# DNS 查詢
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nslookup google.com
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# 查看監聽 Port
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netstat -tuln
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# 測試指定 Port 是否可到達
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nc -zv -w 5 <target_ip> <port>
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```
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---
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## 日誌
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```sh
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# 查看系統紀錄
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logread
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# 即時監控
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logread -f
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# 最近 50 筆
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logread -l 50
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# 過濾防火牆相關
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logread | grep -i firewall
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```
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---
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## 服務管理
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```sh
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# 啟動 / 停止 / 重啟
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/etc/init.d/<service> start
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/etc/init.d/<service> stop
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/etc/init.d/<service> restart
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# 查看狀態
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/etc/init.d/<service> status
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# 開機自動啟動 / 停用
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/etc/init.d/<service> enable
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/etc/init.d/<service> disable
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```
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---
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## 設定備份與還原
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```sh
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# 備份整個系統設定
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sysupgrade -b /tmp/backup-$(date +%Y%m%d).tar.gz
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# 還原設定
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sysupgrade -r /tmp/backup-YYYYMMDD.tar.gz
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# 備份防火牆設定
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cp /etc/config/firewall /etc/config/firewall.bak
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# 編輯設定檔
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vi /etc/config/firewall
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```
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---
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## Taiwan IP 集合管理
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```sh
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# 重新抓取並更新 Taiwan IP 清單
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sh /root/42_10/update_tw_ip.sh
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# 確認目前集合內容
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nft list set inet fw4 taiwan_ips
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# 手動補充單一 IP（如 VPS 未被涵蓋）
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nft add element inet fw4 taiwan_ips { <ip_address> }
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```
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**資料來源**：`https://www.ipdeny.com/ipblocks/data/countries/tw.zone`
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建議搭配 cron 定期執行 `update_tw_ip.sh`，例如每月一次：
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```sh
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# crontab -e
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0 3 1 * * sh /root/42_10/update_tw_ip.sh
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```
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---
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## 防火牆規則驗證
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```sh
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# 本機執行：SSH 進路由器並格式化輸出規則
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sh /root/42_10/show_nft_rules.sh
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# 驗證台灣 IP 通行、非台灣 IP 攔截
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sh /root/42_10/test_connection.sh
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```
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`test_connection.sh` 會：
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1. 查詢目前出口 IP 所在地（透過 `https://ip.lotimmy.com/json`）
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2. 對 `125.229.110.50` 的指定 Port（`51433`, `31433`）發起測試
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3. 判斷結果是否符合預期（台灣 IP 應通過，非台灣 IP 應被攔截）
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---
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## 轉發規則調整
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若需移除已失效的 Port 轉發（如原本指向不存在主機），執行：
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```sh
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sh /root/42_10/remove_mysql_forward.sh
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```
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手動移除流程：
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```sh
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# 找出目標規則
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ssh root@192.168.42.10 "uci show firewall | grep <port>"
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# 刪除並提交
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ssh root@192.168.42.10 "uci delete firewall.<rule_id> && uci commit firewall"
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# 重載防火牆
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ssh root@192.168.42.10 "fw4 restart"
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# 確認規則已移除
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ssh root@192.168.42.10 "nft list chain inet fw4 dstnat_wan | grep <port>"
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```
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---
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## WireGuard VPN
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**架構**：路由器作為 server，外部裝置以 client 身份連入，取得對 LAN（`192.168.42.0/24`）的存取權。
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```
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外部裝置
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│ UDP 51820
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▼
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192.168.42.10 wg0: 10.0.0.1/24 ← server
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├── 10.0.0.2 Workstation
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└── 10.0.0.3 iPhone 15 Pro Max
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```
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### 狀態查看
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```sh
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# 查看所有 peer 連線狀況（last handshake、傳輸量）
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wg show
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# 只看介面摘要
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wg show wg0
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```
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### 新增 Peer
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```sh
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# 1. 在路由器上產生新的 keypair
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wg genkey | tee /tmp/peer_private.key | wg pubkey > /tmp/peer_public.key
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cat /tmp/peer_private.key
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cat /tmp/peer_public.key
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# 2. 加入 peer 設定（以 10.0.0.4 為例）
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uci add network wireguard_wg0
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uci set network.@wireguard_wg0[-1].public_key='<peer_public_key>'
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uci set network.@wireguard_wg0[-1].private_key='<peer_private_key>'
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uci set network.@wireguard_wg0[-1].persistent_keepalive='25'
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uci add_list network.@wireguard_wg0[-1].allowed_ips='10.0.0.4/32'
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uci add_list network.@wireguard_wg0[-1].allowed_ips='192.168.42.0/24'
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uci set network.@wireguard_wg0[-1].dns='1.1.1.1'
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uci set network.@wireguard_wg0[-1].description='<裝置名稱>'
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uci commit network
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service network restart
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```
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### 移除 Peer
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```sh
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# 找出目標 peer 的索引
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uci show network | grep -n '<peer_public_key>'
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# 刪除（假設是 @wireguard_wg0[2]）
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uci delete network.@wireguard_wg0[2]
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uci commit network
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service network restart
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```
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### Client 設定檔範本
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將以下內容存為 `.conf` 檔匯入裝置（WireGuard app 或 `wg-quick`）：
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```ini
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[Interface]
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PrivateKey = <peer_private_key>
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Address = 10.0.0.x/24
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DNS = 1.1.1.1
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[Peer]
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PublicKey = s7fZj/dlgcjc1q4Pd1EaeoCOgq8EStyS30h30hOL1RI=
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Endpoint = 125.229.110.50:51820
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AllowedIPs = 192.168.42.0/24, 10.0.0.0/24
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PersistentKeepalive = 25
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```
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> `AllowedIPs` 只填 `192.168.42.0/24, 10.0.0.0/24` 表示 split tunnel（只有內網流量走 VPN）。
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> 若要讓所有流量都走 VPN，改為 `0.0.0.0/0, ::/0`。
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### 現有 Peer 一覽
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| 描述 | VPN IP | Public Key（前 8 碼） |
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| Workstation | `10.0.0.2` | `daM1BFUS` |
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| iPhone 15 Pro Max | `10.0.0.3` | `PZVrUwd1` |
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### 防火牆規則說明
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| 規則 | 說明 |
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|---|---|
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| WAN UDP 51820 → ACCEPT | 允許外部 client 建立 VPN tunnel |
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| vpn → lan ACCEPT + masq | VPN client 可存取內網，並做 NAT |
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若防火牆規則遺失，手動補回：
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```sh
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# 允許 WireGuard 進入
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uci add firewall rule
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uci set firewall.@rule[-1].name='Allow-WireGuard'
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uci set firewall.@rule[-1].src='wan'
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uci set firewall.@rule[-1].dest_port='51820'
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uci set firewall.@rule[-1].proto='udp'
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uci set firewall.@rule[-1].target='ACCEPT'
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uci commit firewall
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fw4 restart
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```
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